Integrated surveillance systems for antibiotic resistance in a One Health context: a scoping review

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a significant health threat, necessitating integrated surveillance systems to monitor antibiotic use in humans, animals, and the environment. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of existing organizational models for such surveillance. A scoping review of existing systems identified 14 in high-income countries, varying in integration levels and collaboration levels. The systems combine information from various populations and commodities, and rely on various diagnostic and surveillance strategies. The level of resources and regulatory framework plays a significant role in the establishment and organization of integrated surveillance. The study concludes that the operationalization of integrated surveillance for ABR is not well established globally, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Further research is needed to better characterize and evaluate these models.